In the succeeding 12 years he built his base of support among the aristocracy in the interior and pressed relentlessly for the acceptance of Christianity, using missionaries he brought from England. His name in Icelandic is Ólafur, in Faroese Ólavur, in Danish Olav, in Swedish Olof, in Finnish Olavi. 29 lipca 1030) – król Norwegii w latach 1016–1028, święty Kościoła katolickiego.. Wprowadził w kraju chrześcijaństwo (między innymi stworzył w nim biskupstwa, zakazał spożywania końskiego mięsa), zniósł niewolnictwo, ograniczył władzę arystokracji i wprowadził lokalne ustawodawstwo. Its altarpiece contains a painting of the saint, shown as a martyr king defeating a dragon, representing victory over his pagan past. The chapel was restored in 1980 and reinaugurated by Bishop John Willem Gran, bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Lindow, John. [8], St. Olaf was born in Ringerike,[9] the son of Åsta Gudbrandsdatter and Harald Grenske, a petty king in Vestfold,[2] whom later Icelandic sagas would describe as a great-great-grandchild of Harald Fairhair, Norway's first king. In 1152/3, Nidaros was separated from Lund as the archbishopric of Nidaros. [18] [9] He stayed for some time in the Swedish province of Nerike, where, according to local legend, he baptised many locals. [38], Recently the pilgrimage route to Nidaros Cathedral, the site of St. Olaf's tomb, has been reinstated. During his reign, the nation of Norway experienced a rare extended period of peace. Entry for 'Olaf ii Haraldsson' - One of 8 Bible encyclopedias freely available, this resource contained over 40 million words in nearly 40,000 articles written by 1,500 respected authors During his lifetime he was known as Olaf 'the fat' or 'the stout' or simply as Olaf 'the big' (Ólafr digri; Modern Norwegian Olav digre). [3] Following the Reformation he was a commemorated historical figure among some members of the Lutheran and Anglican Communions. Olaf tried to force Christianity on them, but they revolted in 1029, and drove him first to Sweden and then to Kiev (in modern Russia). Olaf saw it as his calling to unite Norway into one kingdom, as Harald Fairhair had largely succeeded in doing. Olaf has traditionally been seen as leading the Christianisation of Norway, but most scholars of the period now believe that Olaf had little to do with the process. Olaf II `the Holy King' HARALDSSON. The Dominican Monastery was secularized in 1802 and bulldozed in 1955. The exact position of Saint Olaf's grave in Nidaros has been unknown since 1568, due to the effects of the Lutheran iconoclasm in 1536–37. Olaf's local canonization ( The first people honored as saints were the martyrs. But this stone is hard to interpret. He was the last Western saint accepted by the Eastern Orthodox church. In Norway today, he is commonly called Olav den hellige (Bokmål; Olaf the Holy) or Heilage-Olav (Nynorsk; the Holy Olaf) in honour of his sainthood. [b] The nine miracles reported in Glælognskviða form the core of the catalogue of miracles in this office. "St. Olaf and the Skalds." His name in Icelandic is Ólafur, i… Olaf nevertheless won the battle. The Finns pursued them and made the same progress on land as Olaf and his men made on water. [10], Finally, many hagiographic sources describe St. Olaf, but these focus mostly on miracles attributed to him and cannot be used to accurately recreate his life. This is generally accepted to be the earliest datable church foundation dedicated to Olaf and is further evidence of a cult of St. Olaf in the early 1050s in England. Olav (Haraldsson) den Hellige (ur.995, zm. Pope Alexander III confirmed Olaf's local canonisation in 1164, making him a universally recognised saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Born. Born: abt. During his reign, the nation of Norway experienced a rare extended period of peace. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Olaf Haraldsson and Olaf Tryggvason are both traditionally regarded as the driving forces behind Norway's final conversion to Christianity. Olaf II Haraldsson ( 995-July 29 1030 ),a.k.a, Saint Olaf, was King of Norway from 1015-28 . Numerous royal, grand ducal and ducal lines are descended from Ordulf and Wulfhild, including members of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Skaldic poetry suggests he led a successful seaborne attack that took down London Bridge, though Anglo-Saxon sources do not confirm this. [14][15][16] The journey resulted in the Battle at Herdaler, where Olaf and his men were ambushed in the woods. Ta ristiti Rouenis, kus ta oleks pidanud kohtama benetiktiinlikku suundumust. This was before the time of the formal canonization process now in use. "[21] Winroth does not claim that Olaf was not Christian, but argues that we cannot think of any Scandinavians as fully converting as portrayed in the later hagiographies or sagas. Corrections? Many Christian institutions with Scandinavian links as well as Norway's Order of St. Olav are named after him. But Olaf's success was short-lived. [36] But the shrine did not last. [40] Like Freyr, he became associated with fertility, which led to his adoption as a patron saint by farmers, fishermen, sailors and merchants of the Hanseatic League, who turned to him for good yield and protection. In pagan times, Scandinavian kings derived their right to rule from their claims of descent from the Norse god Odin, or in the case of the kings of the Swedes at Old Uppsala, from Freyr. Olaf brought with him Grimkell, who is usually credited with helping Olaf create episcopal sees and further organising the Norwegian church. She later married Sigurd Syr, with whom she had other children, including Harald Hardrada, who later reigned as king of Norway. He became an equally important saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church (feast day 29 July) and one of the last famous saints before the Great Schism. Many believe Olaf introduced Christian law into Norway in 1024, based upon the Kuli stone. By this time he was also being called Norway's Eternal King. n. Olaf most likely did try to bring Christianity to the interior of Norway, where it was less prevalent. Sigrid Undset noted that Olaf was baptised in Rouen, the capital of Normandy, and suggested that Olaf may have used priests of Norman descent for his missionaries. In: DuBois, Thomas A., ed. In his book The Conversion of Scandinavia, Anders Winroth argues that there was a "long process of assimilation, in which the Scandinavians adopted, one by one and over time, individual Christian practices. Before leaving, Olaf was baptised in Rouen[9] in the pre-Romanesque Notre-Dame Cathedral by Richard's brother Robert the Dane, archbishop of Normandy. He fought against the English in 1009–11 but assisted the English ruler Ethelred (Aethelred) II the Unready against the Danes in 1013. He is also recognized as the patron saint of the Faroe Islands.[23][24]. This became typical of Scandinavian monarchies. Olaf returned to Norway in 1015 and declared himself king, obtaining the support of the five petty kings of the Norwegian Uplands. His popularity spread rapidly; churches and shrines were constructed in his honour in England, Sweden, and Rome. It is likely that whatever formal or informal veneration of Olaf as a saint may have existed in Nidaros before that was emphasised and formalised on this occasion. It also led to the naming of St Olave's Grammar School, which was established in 1571 and was in Tooley Street until 1968, when it moved to Orpington, Kent. Other names, such as Oláfr hinn helgi, Olavus rex, and Olaf are used interchangeably (see the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson). He was probably the only one of the missionary bishops left in the country at the time of Olaf's death, and he stood behind the translation and beatification of Olaf on 3 August 1031. Olaf II Haraldsson, also called Saint Olaf, Norwegian Hellig-Olav, (born c. 995—died July 29, 1030, Stiklestad, Norway; feast day July 29), the first effective king of all Norway and the country’s patron saint, who achieved a 12-year respite from Danish domination and extensively increased the acceptance of Christianity. Antatt relikvieskrin skisse.jpg 700 × 665; 119 KB. Norský či Olaf II.Haraldsson (995, Ringerike – 29. července 1030), byl norský král v letech 1015 až 1028.Během jeho života se mu přezdívalo Tlustý a po jeho kanonizaci začal být znám jako Svatý Olaf. Updates? Modern historians[citation needed] generally agree[citation needed] that Olaf was inclined to violence and brutality, and note that earlier scholars often neglected this side of his character. Several churches in England were dedicated to him (often as St Olave); the name was presumably popular with Scandinavian immigrants. [citation needed], For centuries, Olaf figured in folk traditions as a slayer of trolls and giants, and as a protector against malicious forces. Jump to: General, Art, Business, Computing, Medicine, Miscellaneous, Religion, Science, Slang, Sports, Tech, Phrases We found 6 dictionaries with English definitions that include the word olaf ii haraldsson: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "olaf ii haraldsson" is defined. He is also venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[28]. Heimskringla (c. 1225), by Snorri Sturluson, largely bases its account of Olaf on the earlier Fagrskinna. Olaf resolved his conflict with the Swedish king Olaf Skötkonung by 1019 and joined forces with the king’s son Anund Jakob when Canute, king of England and Denmark, threatened to conquer Norway. It praises Olaf and mentions some of the famous miracles attributed to him. What seems clear is that Olaf made efforts to establish a church organization on a broader scale than before, among other things by importing bishops from England, Normandy and Germany, and that he tried to enforce Christianity in the inland areas, which had the least communication with the rest of Europe, and which economically were more strongly based on agriculture, so that the inclination to hold on to the former fertility cult was stronger than in the more diversified and expansive western parts of Norway. St. Olaf was also, together with the Mother of God, the patron saint of the chapel of the Varangians, the Scandinavian warriors who served as the bodyguard of the Byzantine emperor. The oldest is the Glælognskviða or "Sea-Calm Poem", composed by Þórarinn loftunga, an Icelander. [a] The cult of Olaf unified the country and consolidated the christianisation of Norway. The skaldic verses attributed to Olaf do not speak of Christianity at all, but use pagan references to describe romantic relationships.[10][20]. Among the bishops Olaf is known to have brought with him from England was Grimkell (Latin: Grimcillus). Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [30] Another took place on the day of his death, when a blind man regained his sight after rubbing his eyes with hands stained with Olaf's blood. U.S. President [WASHINGTON] 's 22-Great Grandfather. Three factors are important: the later myth surrounding his role in the Christianisation of Norway, the various dynastic relationships among the ruling families, and the need for legitimisation in a later period.[25]. Canute forced Olaf to flee to Russia (1028), where the Norwegian ruler took refuge with his Swedish wife’s relatives. Norway 1020 AD.png 1,134 × 2,002; 337 KB. It has been suggested that it could be in Uusimaa. [5], St.Olaf II's Old Norse name is Ólafr Haraldsson. Peringskiöld, Ättartal för Swea och Götha KonungaHus (1725) sida 083.jpg 3,767 × 6,313; 26.88 MB. (Etymology: Anu - "forefather", Leifr - "heir".) When he died in 1464, he was buried in front of the shrine's altar. He was posthumously given the title of Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae ( Norway's Eternal King ) and canonized in Nidaros ( now Trondheim) by Bishop Grimkell one year after his death the the Battle of Stiklstad . [39] Around the 12th century, folk traditions and iconography of Olaf absorbed elements of the gods Thor and Freyr from Norse mythology. A Pilgrim's Office in Oslo gives advice to pilgrims, and a Pilgrim Centre in Trondheim, under the aegis of the Cathedral, awards certificates to pilgrims when they complete their journeys. [18] In 1016 at the Battle of Nesjar he defeated Earl Sweyn, one of the earls of Lade and hitherto the de facto ruler of Norway. He was said to have healing power, which attracted people to his shrine, and various springs were claimed to have sprung forth where he or his body had been. Also, Olaf and Grimkell most likely did not introduce new ecclesiastical laws to Norway; these were ascribed to Olaf at a later date. Richard was himself an ardent Christian, and the Normans had also previously converted to Christianity. This is probably why the earliest traces of a liturgical cult of Olaf are found in England. Check out Olaf II Haraldsson by S91 on Amazon Music. [35], In Germany, there used to be a shrine of St. Olaf in Koblenz. His presence was even felt in Finland and many travelled from all over the Norse world in order to visit his shrine. Maud of Wales, daughter of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom, was the mother of King Olav V of Norway, so Olav and his son Harald V, the present king of Norway, are descended from Olaf. Olaf sailed to the southern coast of Finland sometime in 1008. King Olaf Haraldsson of Norway had the given name Óláfr in Old Norse. Olaf attempted to reconquer Norway in 1030 with help from Anund Jakob but was defeated by a superior Norwegian peasant and Danish army in the Battle of Stiklestad (1030), one of the most celebrated battles in ancient Norse history. Olaf II Haraldsson of Norway JOHN JANARO The "conversion of the barbarians" was gradual as Christianity became inculturated among whole populations, and wove an unprecedented fabric of unity among hitherto perpetually warring pagan clans. Numerous Danish churches were dedicated to Olaf during his reign, and the sagas give glimpses of the young king's efforts to promote the cult of his deceased father. The icon of the Madonna Nicopeia,[34] presently in St. Mark's Basilica in Venice, which is believed to have been traditionally carried into combat by the Byzantine military forces, is believed to have been kept in this chapel in times of peace. As a teenager, he went to the Baltics, Denmark, and England, and wintered with Duke Richard II of Normandy on his way home. The exact location of the battle is uncertain and the Finnish equivalent of Herdaler is unknown. After fighting the Danes in England, Olaf Haraldsson returned to Norway in 1015 and declared himself king. The route is known as The Pilgrim's Way (Pilegrimsleden). Olaf II Haraldsson , also called "the Fat" or "the Stout" during his lifetime, was born in 995 (the year in which Olaf Tryggvessön arrived in Norway.) Olaf II Haraldssön II (sometimes Olav), King of Norway from 1016-29, called during his lifetime "the Fat" or "the Stout", and afterwards known as St. Olaf, was born in 995, the year in which Olaf Tryggvessön … S91 Along the Sacred Path ℗ 2019 Rockshots Records Released on: 2019-03-22 Auto-generated by YouTube. Olaf II Haraldsson, later known as St. Olaf (and traditionally as St. Olav), was King of Norway from 1015 to 1028. Olaf’s popularity, his church work, and the aura of legend that surrounded his death, which was supposedly accompanied by miracles, led to his canonization in 1031. It was here he converted to Christianity and was baptized at the Notre Dame Cathedral. Grimketel initiated the beatification of Olaf on 3 August 1031. He was killed in battle, and regarded by Norwegians as the great champion of national independence and a martyr. He is sometimes called Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae (English: "Norway's Eternal King"), a designation which goes back to the 13th century. HM George I's 16-Great Grandfather. Olaf II Haraldsson, born in around A.D. 995, is credited with Christianizing Norway. In 1019 Olaf married Astrid Olofsdotter, King Olof's illegitimate daughter and the half-sister of his former fiancée. The Oldest Saga of St. Olaf (c. 1200) is important to scholars for its constant use of skaldic verses, many of which are attributed to Olaf himself. Olav II de Heilige Haraldson was born in 995, at birth place, to Sigurd Syr av Norge and rsta Sigurdsson (born Gudbrandsdotter). This calls for an explanation of the status he gained after his death. The texts used for the liturgical celebration of St. Olaf during most of the Middle Ages were probably compiled or written by Eystein Erlendsson, the second Archbishop of Nidaros (1161–1189). He was the Archbishop of Nidaros in Norway from 1452 to 1458. [26] But large stone crosses and other Christian symbols suggest that at least Norway's coastal areas were deeply influenced by Christianity long before Olaf's time; with one exception, all of Norway's rulers since Håkon the Good (c. 920–961) were Christians, as was Olaf's main opponent, Cnut the Great. His religious code of 1024 is considered to represent Norway’s first national legislation. [citation needed], Many texts have information about Olaf Haraldsson. These include the Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum (c. 1190), the Historia Norwegiae (c. 1160–1175) and a Latin text, Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium by Theodoric the Monk (c. 1177–1188). Especially during the period of Romantic Nationalism, Olaf was a symbol of Norwegian independence and pride. [21] The codification of Christianity as the legal religion of Norway was attributed to Olaf, and his legal arrangements for the Church of Norway came to stand so high in the Norwegian people's and clergy's eyes that when Pope Gregory VII attempted to make clerical celibacy binding on the priests of Western Europe in 1074–75, Norwegians largely ignored it, since there was no mention of clerical celibacy in Olaf's legal code for their church. [12], It is said that Olaf participated alongside fellow Viking Thorkell the Tall in the Siege of Canterbury in 1011.[13]. Sigurd was born between 952 and 957, in Vestfold, Norway. The son of the lord Harald Grenske and a descendant of the Norwegian ruler Harald I Fairhair, Olaf was reared as a pagan and became a Viking warrior in the Baltic region. For various reasons, most importantly the death of King Cnut the Great in 1035 but perhaps also a certain discontent among Norwegian nobles with Danish rule in the years after Olaf's death in 1030, Olaf's illegitimate son with the concubine Alvhild, Magnus the Good, assumed power in Norway, and eventually also in Denmark. Although its facts are dubious, the saga recounts Olaf's deeds as follows: About 1008, Olaf landed on the Estonian island of Saaremaa (Osilia). Olaf seized the opportunity to win back the kingdom, but he fell in 1030 at the Battle of Stiklestad, where some of his own subjects from central Norway took arms against him. Olaf II. Olaf II Haraldsson, also called Saint Olaf, Norwegian Hellig-Olav, (born c. 995—died July 29, 1030, Stiklestad, Norway; feast day July 29), the first effective king of all Norway and the country’s patron saint, who achieved a 12-year respite from Danish domination and extensively increased the acceptance of Christianity. Olaf II's Old Norse name is Ólafr Haraldsson. Olaf II Haraldsson (c. 995 – 29 July 1030), later known as Saint Olaf (and traditionally as St. Olave), was King of Norway from 1015 to 1028. Olaf lost many men but made it back to his boats. At this time, local bishops and their people recognised and proclaimed a person a saint, and a formal canonisation procedure through the papal curia was not customary; in Olaf's case, this did not happen until 1888. HRE Ferdinand I's 14-Great Grandfather. Olav is the modern equivalent in Norwegian, formerly often spelt Olaf. Olav was baptized in 1030, at baptism place. St Olave Hart Street in the City of London is the burial place of Samuel Pepys and his wife. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Died Omissions? Within a few years he had won more power than any of his predecessors on the throne had enjoyed. When King Magnus died during 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway. In 1026 he lost the Battle of the Helgeå,[citation needed] and in 1029 the Norwegian nobles, seething with discontent, supported the invasion of King Cnut the Great of Denmark. Saint Olaf ou Olav Haraldson ou Olaf II de Norvège dit le Gros ou le Saint, roi de Norvège de 1015 à 1028, est né vers 995 et mort le 29 juillet 1030. Early depictions of Olaf portray him as clean-shaven, but after 1200 he appears with a red beard, which may have been absorbed from Thor. It seems that, like many Scandinavian kings, Olaf used his Christianity to gain more power for the monarchy and centralise control in Norway. His remains were enshrined in Nidaros Cathedral, built over his burial site. [7], Olaf Haraldsson had the given name Óláfr in Old Norse (etymology: Anu- "forefather", -laibaR —"heir"). [41], "St. Olaf" redirects here. [18] He made peace with King Olof Skötkonung of Sweden through Þorgnýr the Lawspeaker, and was for some time engaged to Olof's daughter, Princess Ingegerd, though without Olof's approval. Olaf (or Olav) II, Saint (Olaf Haraldsson), A.D. 995–1030, king of Norway 1016–29: patron saint of Norway. Olaf Haraldsson had the given name Óláfr in Old Norse. For other uses, see, "Olaf the Stout" redirects here. These include the Ágrip af Nóregskonungasögum (c. 1190), the Historia Norwegiae (c. 1160–1175) and a Latin text, Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium by Theodoric the Monk (c. Olaf was driven into exile in Kievan Rus. Only after Norway was made a metropolitan province with its own archbishop in 1153—making the Norwegian church, on the one hand, more independent of its king, but on the other hand, more directly responsible to the Pope—did canon law gain a greater prominence in the life and jurisdiction of the Norwegian church. St. Olaf was widely popular throughout Scandinavia. Olave was the traditional spelling in England, preserved in the name of medieval churches dedicated to him. Writing around 1070, Adam of Bremen mentions pilgrimage to St. Olaf's shrine in Nidaros, but this is the only firm trace we have of a cult of St. Olaf in Norway before the mid-12th century. Another St. Olave's Church south of London Bridge gave its name to Tooley Street and to the St Olave's Poor Law Union, later the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey: its workhouse in Rotherhithe became St Olave's Hospital and then an old people's home a few hundred metres from St Olav's Church, which is the Norwegian Church in London. Olaf swiftly became Norway's patron saint; Bishop Grimkell performed his canonisation only a year after his death. It praises Olaf and mentions some of the famous miracles attributed to him. But Grimkell was only a member of Olaf's household and no permanent sees were created until c. 1100. [19], Questions have also been raised about the nature of Olaf's Christianity. Owing to Olaf's later status as Norway's patron saint, and to his importance in later medieval historiography and in Norwegian folklore, it is difficult to assess the historical Olaf's character. Harald was born Before 950, in Grenland, Vestfold fylke, Norge. There he gathered his forces, and in 1030 tried to re-take his throne. In Christian times this legitimation of a dynasty's right to rule and its national prestige was based on its descent from a saintly king. Norsemen had conquered this region in 881. This English cult seems to have been short-lived. The oldest is the Glælognskviða or "Sea-Calm Poem", composed by Þórarinn loftunga, an Icelander. Olav is the modern equivalent in Norwegian, formerly often spelt Olaf. The union produced a daughter, Wulfhild, who married Ordulf, Duke of Saxony in 1042. [10], Icelanders also wrote extensively about Olaf and there are several Icelandic sagas about him, including Fagrskinna (c. 1220) and Morkinskinna (c. 1225–1235). In Norway today, he is commonly referred to as Olav den hellige (Bokmål; Olaf the Holy) or Heilag-Olav (Nynorsk; the Holy Olaf) in honour of his sainthood. Many texts have information about Olaf Haraldsson. During his lifetime he was known as Olaf 'the fat' or 'the stout' (Ólafr digri; Modern Norwegian Olaf digre). Returning to Norway in 1015, Olaf conquered territory that had previously been held by Denmark, Sweden, and the Norwegian earl Haakon of Lade; by 1016 he had consolidated his rule in all Norway. When King Magnus died during 1069, Olaf became the sole ruler of Norway. Thus the kings of Norway promoted the cult of St. Olaf, the kings of Sweden the cult of St. Erik and the kings of Denmark the cult of Saint Canute, just as in England the Norman and Plantagenet kings promoted the cult of St. Edward the Confessor at Westminster Abbey, their coronation church.[27]. When the Danish king Sweyn (Svein) I gained the advantage in England, Olaf went to Spain and also to France, where he was baptized at Rouen (1013). For the video game character, see. [29] One is the killing and throwing onto a mountain of a sea serpent still visible on the cliffside. He is sometimes referred to as Rex Perpet… [32] Apart from the early traces of a cult in England, there are only scattered references to him outside the Nordic area. His sainthood encouraged the widespread adoption of Christianity by Scandinavia's Vikings/Norsemen. St Olave's Church, York, is referred to in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 1055[33] as the place of burial of its founder, Earl Siward. It was originally a gift presented to Pope Leo XIII in 1893 for the golden jubilee of his ordination as a bishop by Norwegian nobleman and papal chamberlain Baron Wilhelm Wedel-Jarlsberg. He was posthumously given the title Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae (English: Eternal/Perpetual King of Norway) and canonised at Nidaros by Bishop Grimkell, one year after his death in the Battle of Stiklestad on 29 July 1030.
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